Publications
Storm models for end-to-end TDWR signal processing simulation tests
May 1, 1989
Project Report
Published in:
MIT Lincoln Laboratory Report ATC-155
Summary
End-to-end qualification testing of teh Terminal Doppler Weather Radar (TDWR) contractor signal processing system will be accomplished by a signal processing simulation test. Government furnished storm models will be used to provide inputs to the signal processor. The corresponding hazardous weather product results will be compared to hte results determined by the detection algorithm developers. This report examines the role of the end-to-end tests in the context of overall TDWR qualification testing and concludes that the signal waveform/velocity ambiguity resolution should be the principal focus of the signal processing simulation testing. Salient characteristics of the initial pair of storm models (a high reflectivity microburst observed in Huntsville, AL, and a series of low-to-moderate reflectivity microburst storms observed in Denver, CO) are described as well as desirable characteristics of additional storm models to be provided later.
Summary
End-to-end qualification testing of teh Terminal Doppler Weather Radar (TDWR) contractor signal processing system will be accomplished by a signal processing simulation test. Government furnished storm models will be used to provide inputs to the signal processor. The corresponding hazardous weather product results will be compared to hte results determined...
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Notes and correspondence - Correcting wind speed measurements for site obstructions
April 1, 1989
Journal Article
Published in:
J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., Vol. 6. No. 2, April 1989, pp. 343-352.
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The effects of obstructions on winds measured by the 30 station FLOWS (FAA-Lincoln Laboratory Operational Weather Studies) mesonet and the 6 station FAA LLWAS (Low Level Wind Shear Alèrt System) near Memphis, TN in 1985 are analyzed. The slowing of surface winds by anemometer site obstructions is a continuing problem for scientific and operational wind shear measurement system This paper considers an improved version of the technique used by Fujita and Wakimoto for compensating the obstruction effects by the use of mathematical models relating the unobstructed wind speed to the measured wind speed and the observed obstructions at each site. Over eight million wind speed measurements gathered over 197 days (15 February–31 August) were used. The effects of obstructions at a particular site were evidenced by a strong negative correlation between the observed wind speed transmission factors and the obstruction angles as measured from panoramic photographs taken of the horizon around each station. The functional relationship between them was modeled as a decaying exponential plus a constant, and an iterative least squares regression technique was used on data from all of the stations at once in deriving the three parameters of the equation. It was found that the first 8° of obstruction have the greatest blockage effects, and that even a 2° or 3° high isolated clump of trees can have a pronounced effect on the measured wind speeds from that direction. The possibility that the transmission factors are scale dependent and time dependent is explored.
Summary
The effects of obstructions on winds measured by the 30 station FLOWS (FAA-Lincoln Laboratory Operational Weather Studies) mesonet and the 6 station FAA LLWAS (Low Level Wind Shear Alèrt System) near Memphis, TN in 1985 are analyzed. The slowing of surface winds by anemometer site obstructions is a continuing problem...
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The FLOWS automatic weather station network
April 1, 1989
Journal Article
Published in:
J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., Vol. 6, No. 2, April 1989, pp. 307-326.
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Summary
This report describes in detail the FLOWS (FAA-Lincoln Laboratory Operational Weather Studies) automatic weather station network which is being used in the Terminal Doppler Weather Radar program to assess the radar detectability of wind shear and to help gain an understanding of microburst forcing mechanisms. The weather stations are descended from the PROBE stations originally operated by the Bureau of Reclamation. The current instrumentation has been modified slightly but is largely the same as that originally used as is the hardware structure, but the data collection platforms are entirely new. Each station in the 30-station network transmits 1 min averages of temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, wind speed, wind direction and precipitation amounts, as well as peak wind speed, on a single GOES satellite channel. Performance results from the first 3 yr (1984-86) of mesonet operations are presented. During June and July 1986 the FLOWS network was collocated with the NCAR PAM-II network near Huntsville, Alabama to measure surface data on microbursts as part of the Cooperative Huntsville Meteorological Experiment (COHMEX). A preliminary assessment of the overall performance of the two networks suggests that they performed with comparable accuracy for those meteorological characteristics most important to the detection of microbursts. While differences and discrepancies were noted, none would preclude treating PAM-II and FLOWS data together as if they were generated by a single network.
Summary
This report describes in detail the FLOWS (FAA-Lincoln Laboratory Operational Weather Studies) automatic weather station network which is being used in the Terminal Doppler Weather Radar program to assess the radar detectability of wind shear and to help gain an understanding of microburst forcing mechanisms. The weather stations are descended...
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Analysis of microburst observability with Doppler radar through comparison of radar and surface wind sensor data
March 27, 1989
Conference Paper
Published in:
24th Conf. on Radar Meteorology, 27-31 March 1989, pp. 171-174.
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Summary
As part of the FAA Terminal Weather Doppler Weather Radar (TDWR) measurement program in Huntsville, AL and Denver, CO during 1986 and 1987, respectively, the ability of a single Doppler weather radar to observe microburst outflow signatures (i.e., show identifiable radial velocity patterns) was assessed by comparing radar-observed microbursts with those identified by joint use of both radar and data from a mesoscale network (mesonet) of surface meteorological stations (Clark, 1988; DiStefano, 1988). Observability by radar must be considered together with pattern recognition algorithm performance for observable microbursts (Campbell et al., 1988) in order to fully assess the potential effectiveness of an automated microburst detection system which relies on data from a single Doppler radar. The comparison of radar and surface sensor data presented here investigates the possibility that some outflows may not be observable by radar due to: (1) low SNR (signal-to-noise ratio), (2) very shallow outflows for which the radar beam is scanning too high above the surface, (3) blockage of the beam, and/or (4) asymmetry in the surface outflow causing the radar to significantly underestimate the magnitude of the surface wind shear (Eilts and Doviak, 1987; GAO, 1987). Also addressed is the possibility that microbursts are not observed by the mesonet surface sensors because the spacing between stations is too great, or because the microburst outflow does not reach the surface due to a dense layer of cold air at the surface.
Summary
As part of the FAA Terminal Weather Doppler Weather Radar (TDWR) measurement program in Huntsville, AL and Denver, CO during 1986 and 1987, respectively, the ability of a single Doppler weather radar to observe microburst outflow signatures (i.e., show identifiable radial velocity patterns) was assessed by comparing radar-observed microbursts with...
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Range obscuration mitigation by adaptive PRF selection for the TDWR System
March 27, 1989
Conference Paper
Published in:
24th Conf. on Radar Meteorology, 27-31 March 1989, pp. 175-178.
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Summary
The Federal Aviation Administration has recently awarded a contract for the procurement of 47 Terminal Doppler Weather Radar (TDWR) systems to be sited near high traffic airports. These systems will collect and process Doppler radar data that will be used by fully automated algorithms to identify hazardous meteorological wind shear events in real time (eg., microbursts and gust fronts.) This information will the be conveyed to aircraft pilots in order that potentially hazardous takeoffs or landings be averted. In a pulsed Doppler weather radar, one of the most serious causes of data quality degradation is due to range aliased echoes from distant storms [3]. This range contamination can occur in the immediate vicinity of a meteorological hazard, possibly obscure the event, and thus decrease the probability of detecting it. In other instances, range contaminated data can present a radar signature similar to that of a wind shear hazard, and perhaps cause an algorithm to issue a false alarm. In order for the TDWR system to achieve a high probability of detecting meteorological hazards, while maintaining a low probability of false alarms, an effective means of dealing with range contamination is required. An adaptive procedure by which to select the radar's pulse repetition frequency (Pm) has been developed as a primary means by which to minimize range contamination within the operationally significant coverage area of a TDWR system. This procedure will be developed within this paper and a quantitative assessment as to the anticipated effectiveness of this technique in the TDWR system will be provided.
Summary
The Federal Aviation Administration has recently awarded a contract for the procurement of 47 Terminal Doppler Weather Radar (TDWR) systems to be sited near high traffic airports. These systems will collect and process Doppler radar data that will be used by fully automated algorithms to identify hazardous meteorological wind shear...
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Use of features aloft in the TDWR microburst recognition algorithm
March 27, 1989
Conference Paper
Published in:
Proc. 24th Conf. on Radar Meteorology, 27-31 March 1989, pp. 167-170.
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This paper describes the use of features aloft in the Terminal Doppler Weather Radar (TWDR) microburst recognition algorithm. The paper is divided into three sections: algorithm description, scan strategy and recent results. The prototype algorithm recognizes features aloft associated with microbursts, such as descending reflectivity cores and convergence aloft. The algorithm uses these signatures to improve the detection performance and timeliness of microburst hazard warnings. For example, the algorithm can use features aloft to make a microburst declaration while the surface outflow is still weak, thereby increasing the hazard warning time. An important factor in microburst recognition algorithm performance is the scan strategy employed. The TDWR scan strategy is designed for timely detection of microburst surface outflows and features aloft. The rationale for the prototype TDWR scan strategy is presented using Denver's Stapleton airport as an example. Recent results are presented demonstrating the ability of the system to recognize features aloft for microburst events observed during the summer of 1988 at Denver, CO. It is shown that the ability to recognize features aloft improved the probability of detection and hazard warning time for these events.
Summary
This paper describes the use of features aloft in the Terminal Doppler Weather Radar (TWDR) microburst recognition algorithm. The paper is divided into three sections: algorithm description, scan strategy and recent results. The prototype algorithm recognizes features aloft associated with microbursts, such as descending reflectivity cores and convergence aloft. The...
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An analysis of microburst characteristics related to automatic detection from Huntsville, Alabama and Denver, Colorado
March 1, 1989
Conference Paper
Published in:
24th Conf. on Radar Meteorology, 27-31 March 1989, pp. 269-273.
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Summary
During 1986 and 1987-8, Lincoln Laboratory, under the sponsorship of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), collected Doppler radar measurements in Huntsville, Alabama and Denver, Colorado, respectively. These field programs focused on developing and evaluating an automated wind shear detection system that would provide timely warnings of hazardous low-altitude wind shear events to pilots in the airport terminal area. Two previous projects in Denver (JAWS and CLAWS) documented the ability of a pulsed Doppler radar system to detect wind shear near an airport. In the last two decades, there have been 27 aircraft accidents or incidents at least partially attributed to this phenomenon. According to the National Transportation Safety Board, the most hazardous form of wind shear to aviation is the microburst, first identified by Fujita (1981). A microburst is an outflow of downdraft winds from a convective cloud which exhibits a strong divergent pattern near the surface. The radial velocity differential (delta V) must be greater than or equal to 10 m/s over a distance of 4 km or less to be classified as a microburst. In this paper, microburst measurements from the TDWR testbed are analyzed to characterize and compare the type of outflows in an environment with a typically dry sub-cloud layer (Denver) and a typically moist sub-cloud layer (Huntsville), and to relate these characteristics wo observable radar features being used in the Terminal Doppler Weather Radar (TDWR) system for microburst detection. Section 2 describes the primary radar used in the data collection program. Section 3 contrasts microburst characteristics from the two locales. Evidence is presented which suggests that the reflectivity and intensity of the outflow are important to the performance of the microburst detection algorithm, while the frequency and intensity of features aloft may provide for an earlier declaration of a microburst. In section 4, key microburst characteristics from Huntsville and Denver are summarized in relation to the automatic detection process.
Summary
During 1986 and 1987-8, Lincoln Laboratory, under the sponsorship of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), collected Doppler radar measurements in Huntsville, Alabama and Denver, Colorado, respectively. These field programs focused on developing and evaluating an automated wind shear detection system that would provide timely warnings of hazardous low-altitude wind shear...
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Selected wind shear events observed during the 1987 evaluation of enhancements to the FAA low level wind shear alert system at Stapleton International Airport
February 15, 1989
Project Report
Published in:
MIT Lincoln Laboratory Report ATC-158
Summary
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Technical Center (FAATC) conducted a test of the enhancements to the FAA Low Level WInd Shear Alert System (LLWAS) at Denver Stapleton International Airport from 3 August through 4 September 1987. Upon completion of the test, the performance of the LLWAS during selected microburst and gust front test cases was investigated in detail. Additional sources of "true" wind shear information were sought to help evaluate the performance of the LLWAS. In support of these efforts, Lincoln Laboratory supplied complete data sets, including single Doppler radar data from the FAA-Lincoln Laboratory FL-2 radar, dual Doppler radar data from the FAA-Lincoln Laboratory FL-2 radar, dual Doppler analyses of the surface wind fields (when possible), mesonet data from the Lincoln network of 30 automatic weather stations in the vicinity of Stapleton, and LLWAS data to the FAATC. This report provides a summary of salient features for a number of FAATC selected wind shear events which occured during the evaluation of the enhanced LLWAS, and documents the data that Lincoln Laboratory has provided to the FAA as part of its project responsibilities.
Summary
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Technical Center (FAATC) conducted a test of the enhancements to the FAA Low Level WInd Shear Alert System (LLWAS) at Denver Stapleton International Airport from 3 August through 4 September 1987. Upon completion of the test, the performance of the LLWAS during selected microburst and...
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Using features aloft to improve timeliness of TDWR hazard warnings
February 7, 1989
Conference Paper
Published in:
Third Int. Conf. on the Aviation Weather System, 30 January - 3 February 1989, pp. 184-189.
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The Terminal Doppler Weather Radar (TDWR) has an operational requirement to provide a one minute advance warning for aircraft encountering a hazardous wind shear. This paper describes the use of features aloft in the prototype TDWR microburst recognition algorithm to improve the timeliness of microburst hazard warnings. The use of features aloft allows the algorithm to make a microburst declaration while the surface outflow is still weak, thereby increasing the hazard warning time. In addition, current work indicates that these signatures can also be used to predict the onset of surface outflow for high-reflectivity events. An initial version of the microburst recognition algorithm using surface velocity data only was described by Merritt (1987). Initial work on the use of features aloft to increase the reliability and timeliness of microburst alarms was described in Campbell, 1988. This work was motivated by the desire to emulate the ability of human experts to use features aloft to enhance the timeliness of microburst warnings (McCarthy & Wilson, 1986). This research was further influences by the conceptual models for the evolution of low, medium and high reflectivity microburst events in the Denver area proposed by Roberts and Wilson (1986), and by studies of features aloft associated with microbursts in the Southeast (Isaminger, 1987). The current TDWR microburst recognition algorithm is described in Campbell and Merritt, 1988. The present paper presents results demonstrating the ability of the prototype algorithm to recognize features aloft for microburst events observed at Huntsville, AL and Denver, CO. It is shown that the ability to recognize features aloft improved the hazard warning time for these events. Initial results for microburst prediction are also presented.
Summary
The Terminal Doppler Weather Radar (TDWR) has an operational requirement to provide a one minute advance warning for aircraft encountering a hazardous wind shear. This paper describes the use of features aloft in the prototype TDWR microburst recognition algorithm to improve the timeliness of microburst hazard warnings. The use of...
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Gust front detection algorithm for the Terminal Doppler Weather Radar: part 2, performance assessment
February 3, 1989
Conference Paper
Published in:
Third Int. Conf. on the Aviation Weather System, 30 January - 3 February 1989, pp. 398-402.
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Summary
During the summer of 1988, the Terminal Doppler Weather Radar (TDWR) Operational Test and Evaluation (OT&E) was conducted near Denver, CO. One of the objectives of this test was to assess the performance of the Gust Front Detection and Wind Shift Algorithms (Gust Front Algorithm) to be used in the TDWR system. This paper presents an overview of the Gust Front Algorithm system from data collection to products displays and discusses the performance of the algorithm during the 1988 OT&E. Data editing, product generation, ground truth and scoring issues are addressed. Scoring results for the various products are presented and problems identified during the OT&E are discussed. The design of the Gust Front Algorithm is discussed in the companion paper (Part 1 Current Status) numbered 1.6 in this preprint volume. The Gust Front Algorithm serves two functions: warning and planning. Warnings are provided in alphanumeric messages on a "Ribbon Display Terminal", Wind shear warnings are issued when a gust front impacts the runways or within 3 miles of the ends of the runways. The planning function consists of alerting an Air Traffic Control Supervisor when a change in wind speed and/or direction due to a gust front at the airport will occur within 20 minutes. This planning information is displayed on a Geographic Situation Usplay (GSD).
Summary
During the summer of 1988, the Terminal Doppler Weather Radar (TDWR) Operational Test and Evaluation (OT&E) was conducted near Denver, CO. One of the objectives of this test was to assess the performance of the Gust Front Detection and Wind Shift Algorithms (Gust Front Algorithm) to be used in the...
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